For foragers, walkers and anyone who wants to protect the forest

More forest, fewer hands: 25 years of Spain's woodland and how to look after it

Spain has some two million more hectares of forest today than it had in 2000, and almost all of that new forest has sprung up on its own, without anyone planting it^{1, 2}. In 2025, 354,747 hectares of forest land burned, according to the provisional figures, more than in any year since 1994^{3, 4}. The two numbers are more closely linked than they seem. This is the story of a quarter of a century of emptying countryside, of fire, of solar panels and wind turbines, and of what really works to look after the land, including when you head out into it for mushrooms or a walk.

Spain's forest area, from 2000 to today

The FAO, the United Nations' food and agriculture agency, counts as forest any patch of more than half a hectare with trees over five metres tall whose crowns cover more than 10% of the ground⁵. By that measure, Spain went from 17.1 million hectares of forest in 2000 to 19.1 million in 2025, 38% of its land¹. The latest measured figure is from 2022, and the one for 2025 repeats it; the 1990 bar comes from a different map, not calibrated against the later ones, and probably exaggerates the jump over that decade⁶.

The environment ministry counts something else. Under Spain's Forest Act, the Ley de Montes, forest land is any ground with trees, shrubs, scrub or pasture that is neither farmed nor built on⁷, and on that basis forest land adds up to 28.6 million hectares, 56% of Spain⁸. They are two different ways of counting, and you cannot subtract one from the other.

Tree-covered land bottomed out around 1940, at some 11.7 million hectares, and between 1975 and 2009 it gained more than 200,000 hectares a year⁹. The older figures vary, but they all point the same way: there are more trees today than a century ago¹⁰.

The forest has also grown denser: the volume of standing timber rose by 47% between 2000 and 2025¹¹. And little of it is cut: in 2024, 17.4 million cubic metres of timber came out of the forest, just over a third of what grows in a year⁸, and Forest Europe places Spain among the European countries that make least use of their forests¹². A forest that grows with nobody working it builds up timber, branches and scrub. More forest is not the same thing as a well-tended forest.

Why the forest is growing: the emptying countryside

Most of that forest was never planted: it has taken over the ground left behind by the plough and by livestock. Between 2015 and 2025, more than nine in every ten new hectares came from natural expansion², and tree planting has almost come to a halt: in 2024, 1,814 hectares of farmland were afforested, compared with 37,230 in 2001⁸. The Spanish Society of Forest Sciences puts the spread of woodland between the 1970s and the 1990s down to the rural exodus and the abandonment of the poorest land⁹.

The Ministry of Agriculture's crop survey recorded 17.6 million hectares of cropland in 2004 and 16.7 million in 2024: some 900,000 fewer^{13, 14}. Behind that are fewer people working the land. The number of farms fell from 1.29 million in 1999 to fewer than 915,000 in 2020, and between 2009 and 2020 almost a third of those with livestock closed down^{15, 16}. Spain had 24.4 million sheep in 2000 and 13.5 million in 2024, 45% fewer¹⁷.

The 2025 figure uses a different method¹⁷. The census does not say where each animal grazes, but fewer flocks mean fewer mouths to keep the scrub in check.

The countryside has lost its people, too. The Banco de España, the country's central bank, estimates that 3,403 municipalities, 42% of the total, are at risk of depopulation, and that only 12.7% of the country is inhabited, compared with 68% of France; and it warns that the disappearance of those villages could bring more fires and less biodiversity¹⁸.

Not everything is moving in the same direction. Since 2018, municipalities with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants have gained 163,027 residents, mostly people moving in from elsewhere, although Galicia, Asturias, Extremadura and Castile and León are still losing population¹⁹. And the farmland that is not abandoned is being farmed more intensively: between 2010 and 2019, irrigated land grew by 14%²⁰. The advancing forest is also closing over species-rich meadows and clearings²¹.

Wildfires in Spain: more forest, more fuel

Fire is the other side of abandonment. In the province of Valencia, 130 years of records show that around the 1970s the number of fires doubled and the area burned rose roughly tenfold, mainly because of the fuel left by abandoned farmland²².

Yet the long-term trend is surprising. In 1978, 1985, 1989 and 1994 more than 400,000 hectares of forest land burned, and no year this century has reached that figure^{4, 3}. Between 1980 and 2013, with more firefighting resources, above all aircraft, the area burned fell in the country as a whole and in most provinces, even though the risk factors were increasing²³.

What has changed is the shape of the problem: fewer fires, and some of them huge. In 2005 there were 25,492 fires⁴; in 2025, 8,199³. Even so, 2025 was the worst year since 1994: 354,747 hectares, more than three times the average for the previous decade, 103,108 of them wooded^{3, 4}. Sixty-three large fires, those over 500 hectares, burned 87% of that area, and five of the sixteen fires over 20,000 hectares recorded since 1968 burned in August 2025, across Galicia, León and Zamora³. Figures from 2020 onwards are provisional, and 2026 has brought no respite either: by 30 August the total stood at 265,636 hectares²⁴.

The climate does the rest. Spain's average temperature has risen by 1.75 °C since 1961²⁵. A rapid attribution study, not peer-reviewed, calculates that the kind of fire weather seen in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula in August 2025 is now about 40 times more likely than in a climate 1.3 °C cooler, and it also points to depopulation and unmanaged forest land²⁶. Clearing the undergrowth helps, but it is not enough: reducing fuel can only slow a fire when the weather is not extreme²⁷.

And the mushrooms? The science is divided. One study in a Mediterranean pine forest in Spain projects that heat, by increasing evaporation, could reduce the harvest this century²⁸; another, in pine forests in Catalonia, estimates between 23% and 93% more commercial mushrooms by 2100, thanks to a longer season²⁹. In pine forests on the central plateau, a third study found that rainfall matters more than temperature³⁰.

Clean energy, yes, but not just anywhere

In a decade, grid-connected solar photovoltaic capacity went from 4,688 megawatts in 2015 to more than 41,500 in 2025^{31, 32}, and self-consumption, panels that power the premises they are installed on, adds another 9,092³³. Wind power rose from 9,918 megawatts in 2005 to 32,184 in 2024³⁴.

And it has worked. Emissions from electricity generation fell from 111 million tonnes of CO₂ in 2007 to 27 million in 2024, a drop of 76% and the lowest level since records began³⁵; in 2025 they rose to 29.5 million, because more gas was burned³⁶. Most of the fall came from coal, whose emissions went from 67 million tonnes in 2007 to 1.5 million in 2025, and the gap it left was filled by renewables, which rose from 20% of electricity in 2007 to 57% in 2024, and partly by gas³⁷.

The heat that dries out the forest is the very reason for this transition. The question is not whether we need solar panels and wind turbines, but where they go, because the land they take up was almost never empty.

Solar panels: how much land they take and who was there first

They take up less than you might think. In 2023 Spain had 49,689 hectares of solar farms, according to the Ministry of Agriculture's field survey³⁸, around 0.1% of the country³⁹. Adding every large project that had environmental approval in early 2023 would bring the total to about 100,000³⁸. For comparison, some 900,000 hectares went out of cultivation between 2004 and 2024^{13, 14}.

Of the 23,095 hectares of panels that appeared between 2012 and 2022, 82% had been rain-fed farmland, 11% irrigated land and 7% forest land and other non-agricultural uses; cereal fields gave up the most ground, followed by fallow land and sunflowers³⁸.

That dry farmland is home to steppe birds. The little bustard went from 74,084 males counted in 2005 to 38,856 in 2016⁴⁰, and in 2023 it was listed as endangered⁴¹. Its great enemy is agricultural intensification, with less fallow land, more pesticides and more irrigation; renewables are one more threat⁴⁰, although the environment ministry itself acknowledges that steppe birds are among those hardest hit by solar plants⁴².

Sometimes it is not cereal. The Francisco Pizarro plant, in Cáceres, was designed to cover some 1,078 hectares of cropland, grassland and scrub, 58% of it on habitats of Community interest under EU law and inside two Important Bird Areas⁴³.

Clearing forest to make way for panels is not the norm, as that 7% shows, but it does happen: in May 2026 the association ANAV condemned the felling of more than 30 hectares of holm oak woodland in Jalance (Valencia), planted in 2000 with European funding, in a Special Protection Area for birds⁴⁴. At the Gala, Aurea and Gaetana plants in Badajoz, by contrast, the environmental impact statement provided for the felling of four holm oaks⁴⁵.

And there are options that need hardly any land: self-consumption on homes, shops and factories, or agrivoltaics, which combines panels and crops and is just getting started. In 2026 the government awarded €234 million to 118 projects, some with cereals, olive trees, vines and even king oyster mushrooms and truffles⁴⁶. The environment ministry also publishes a sensitivity map to help decide where wind and solar farms should go⁴⁷. Clean energy, yes; but better on a rooftop than on the dry farmland where the little bustard still breeds.

Wind turbines on the hilltops: tracks, bogs and birds

Wind power uses little land, but which land matters a great deal. At the end of 2025 Spain had 33,274 megawatts of wind capacity⁴⁸ in some 22,433 turbines and 1,454 wind farms⁴⁹. In the United States, where it has been measured, a wind farm permanently occupies about 0.3 hectares per megawatt, and almost 80% of that footprint is roads⁵⁰.

Blanket bogs, peat wetlands that carpet some of the mountain ranges of the north-west, are a habitat of Community interest. In Spain there are 252 wind turbines and 70.7 kilometres of tracks on recognised blanket bogs, almost all of it within Natura 2000, the EU's network of protected areas⁵¹. Although it holds less than 0.2% of Europe's blanket bogs, Spain is the most affected country⁵¹.

For birds, the picture has two sides. At wildlife rescue centres, collisions with power lines account for about 40% of bird admissions, and wind turbines for around 5%; but turbine admissions grew by 230% in ten years, and turbines are now the main non-natural threat to the griffon vulture⁵². These are admissions to rescue centres, not a count of every death.

It can be put right. At 20 wind farms in Cádiz, stopping individual turbines when vultures approach cut their deaths by 92.8%, at the cost of losing less than 0.51% of the energy⁵³. A draft royal decree from 2025 would require new wind farms to have shutdown systems and to slow their blades on low-wind nights from July to October, when bats are on the wing; as far as we know, it has not been approved⁵⁴.

The other answer is to renew old wind farms. Almost 30% of wind capacity is more than 20 years old, and in 2025 seven repowered wind farms went from 147 turbines to 20⁴⁹.

Erosion and desertification: the soil we are losing

Spain's National Soil Erosion Inventory puts the average loss at 12.26 tonnes per hectare per year, and at more than 25 tonnes on 10% of the country⁵⁵. The European model, using different data, gives about 4 tonnes for Spain against an EU average of 2.5⁵⁶. These are models, not measurements, and they do not agree; but with the same method for every country, Spain comes out above the average.

Across 74% of Spain the climate is arid, semi-arid or dry sub-humid, which makes the country susceptible to desertification, although that does not mean the land is degraded⁵⁷. The latest official risk map, a preliminary one from 2008, put 17.85% of the country at high or very high risk⁵⁷, and the 2022 national strategy still uses those figures²⁰.

And under the panels? At three solar plants in southern France, with a similar climate, levelling the ground and removing the vegetation damaged the soil structure; where a plant took over abandoned vineyards, the soil was left no worse than in those vineyards, but the soil in the neighbouring pine woods and scrubland was better⁵⁸. On land that was already ploughed, little is lost; on forest and scrub, a good deal more.

Managing the forest: what actually works

If the problem is a forest growing with nobody tending it, the answer lies in working it again. Only 27.8% of forest land has a management plan⁸; in 2005 the figure was 13.8%, although part of the recent rise is due to a change in the way Catalonia counts⁵⁹. And 72% of forest land is privately owned⁶⁰.

Sheep and goats against fire

In Andalusia, the Red de Áreas Pasto-Cortafuegos, a network of grazed firebreaks, pays shepherds to keep the firebreaks clear with their flocks. In 2022 it had 181 livestock farmers and more than 100,000 animals on some 5,700 hectares, eight times as much as when it began in 2005⁶¹. Goats and sheep reduce fuel, although very overgrown scrub gets the better of them⁶². Their limit is scale: measures like these rarely cover enough ground to change the way a whole landscape burns⁶³.

Resin returns to the pine woods

In 1961 Spain produced more than 55,000 tonnes of resin and some 4,800 resin tappers worked its pine forests; by 2008 about a hundred were left⁶⁴. Then the trade came back to life: from 1,443 tonnes in 2008 to 13,001 in 2017, almost all of it in Castile and León⁶⁵. A tapped pine forest is a pine forest with people in it.

Cork and dehesa

Spain produces around 30% of the world's cork, between 50,000 and 65,000 tonnes a year depending on who does the sums, almost all of it from private estates; in the 1960s it topped 100,000^{66, 65}. The dehesa, holm and cork oaks with pasture and livestock beneath them, covers some 3.5 million hectares⁶⁷, and it is a landscape made by hand that grows old without hands to tend it: in many dehesas hardly any new trees are coming up, and oak decline, linked to a soil pathogen, drought and poor pruning, is weakening holm and cork oaks⁶⁸.

Eucalyptus in Galicia

In Galicia, pure eucalyptus stands grew from 27,639 hectares in 1973 to 248,169 around 2009, according to the forest inventories⁶⁹. Since 2021 a moratorium, which now runs until 2030, has limited new plantations⁷⁰. With 7.6% of Spain's woodland, Galicia supplied more than half of all the timber felled in the country in 2024, and eucalyptus accounted for 37% of the total⁸. A scientific review acknowledges both sides: raw material for paper and income for many landowners, and environmental impacts that management can reduce⁷¹.

Mushrooms: an income from the forest

Castile and León, land of saffron milk caps and porcini, has regulated picking since 2003: between 2013 and 2016 the scheme covered 432,132 hectares in 245 municipalities, and 15% of the money raised was set aside for improving the forest⁷². According to the programme itself, mushrooms are worth some €65 million a year to the region⁷³. And looking after the forest looks after the harvest: moderate thinning increases the yield of the most important commercial mushrooms, while clear-felling reduces it, at least for a while⁷⁴.

Surprising facts about Spain's forests

How to look after the forest: what you can do

Looking after the forest is not just a job for people behind desks. Anyone who goes out into it for mushrooms, a walk or some birdwatching also has a say in how it is left. Almost eight in ten fires between 2013 and 2022 are attributed to people, deliberately or through carelessness, and 6% to lightning; many of those causes are presumed, not proven, and the calculation is our own⁷⁸.

If you pick mushrooms

• Before you set out, check the local rules: many forests are regulated, require a permit and set a limit per person per day. We cover this in the guide's chapter on permits and rules.
• Cut the mushroom or twist it out gently, and do not disturb the leaf litter or rake it: what stays underground is the harvest of the years to come. More in the chapter on how to pick.
• Leave the very small ones, and the old ones, which are still shedding spores, and carry a basket, not a bag.
• Take only what you will eat. Where there is a permit, part of what you pay goes back into the forest: in Castile and León, 15% of the money raised⁷².

If you go walking

• Stick to the paths, especially in high mountain meadows and on bogs, which are easily damaged and very slow to recover.
• No fires in the countryside when they are banned, which in summer is nearly always, and take care with cigarette ends and with machinery that gives off sparks. If you see smoke, call 112.
• Leave gates as you found them and respect livestock: the animals that graze the hills help look after them too⁶¹.
• Take your rubbish home and park where you will not block the way for firefighters.

If you want to do more

• Buy what a working forest produces: lamb and kid from grazing flocks, honey, resin, cork, mushrooms from regulated forests. For timber and paper, look for the FSC or PEFC labels, which in 2024 certified some 785,000 and 2.8 million hectares of forest in Spain respectively⁸.
• Stay and eat in the villages. The people who live in them are the ones who keep the forest going.
• Have your say while it still counts. Large solar and wind farm projects go through an environmental assessment with a public consultation period, during which anyone can submit comments or objections⁷⁹, and the environment ministry's sensitivity map shows which areas are best avoided⁴⁷.
• Sign up as a volunteer for clean-ups, tree planting or wildlife monitoring. Mycological societies and mountaineering clubs organise outings every season.

micomapa tells you when and where the forest is ready, never in which clearing. Whether there is still forest, and someone to look after it, is decided off the map: in the villages, in the fields and in the places we choose for what lies ahead.

Open the map Getting started

Sources

All sources were consulted on 14 September 2026. Fire figures from 2020 onwards are provisional.

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